The first time you hear someone say FIRPTA out loud (sound it out as if it was a word and not an acronym), you’re more than likely to think that person is making words up. Like many acts of the US government, FIRPTA has a much lengthier and descriptive name: The Foreign investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980. The act allows for tax withholding and reporting when a “foreign person” (see below) sells real estate in the United States. FIRPTA puts the obligations for withholding and reporting onto the buyer, which can make it a little frightening if you’ve never dealt with it as a buyer. As with most things in real estate, it’s all a matter of asking the right questions and talking to qualified people who understand FIRPTA and know how best to advise you when you find yourself in this situation.
First, let’s define “foreign person.” According to FIRPTA, a foreign person is 1) an individual that is not a US citizen or a resident alien, 2) a foreign corporation that is not being treated as a domestic corporation, or 3) a foreign partnership, trust, or estate.
Under FIRPTA, a buyer must withhold a percentage of the “amount realized” (purchase price) and within 20 days of closing report and pay the tax to the IRS. The percentage is determined by several conditions. If the buyer is acquiring property that is not intended to be their residence, FIRPTA requires the buyer to withhold 15%. If the property being acquired is going to be the buyer’s residence, then the percentage of withholding ranges from 0-15% and depends on the sales price. Up to $300,000 it is 0%, over $300,000 and up to $1,000,000 it is 10%, and over $1,000,000 it is 15%. Like many IRS regulations, there are exemptions.
If you are notified that your transaction has triggered FIRPTA, you should call an attorney, CPA, or other tax professional, preferably one familiar with The Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980. As there are exemptions, these professionals can guide you through your situation and recommend what your next steps will be. In many cases, a consultation with a tax professional will allow you to know the seller may be exempt and you as a buyer can move to closing without any further action. Exemptions include a sales price of less than $300,000, a seller able to provide an Affidavit of Non-Foreign Status, a seller providing a FIRPTA Withholding Certificate from IRS, and when sellers are participating in a 1031 exchange and can provide the appropriate information about the sale in writing. As with anything of this nature, the laws and how they work can change over time and we are not tax professionals, so it is best to ask your CPA for tax advice.
In our experience, many of the title companies will provide access and a free consultation with a tax professional who can advise you on your next steps and whether or not you will need to withhold. Further time may be required if it is decided that withholding is necessary as there are rules and as you well know with the IRS, there will be forms to be filled out.
As it is tax related, there are penalties for not withholding the appropriate amount, not reporting it, and not reporting it within the allowed amount of time. And the IRS can tag on interest as well – so you really want to make sure you follow the letter of the law on this one (which is why we highly recommend a tax professional, particularly one with experience with FIRPTA).
While FIRPTA can seem scary at first, with a little patience and consultation with the right people, you can get through the regulations and successfully close on your new home or other property.
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